Acacia senegal inhibits diabetic nephropathy ultrastructure alteration and renal biomarkers changes in rats / Acacia senegal inhibe la alteración de la ultraestructura de la nefropatía diabética y los cambios en los biomarcadores renales en rata

SUMMARY: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes. Several studies have been done in a trial to protect against this problem at the ultrastructure level. This study investigates the protective effect of oral administration of Acacia senegal (AS) against the development of DN. Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Acacia senegal control, Diabetic untreated, diabetic insulin-treated, Diabetic AS treated, and Diabetic insulin and AS combined treated groups. Plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum Albumin, creatinine, urine creatinine was measured using specific kits. Determinations of creatinine clearance and blood pressure were done. The renal tissues of both kidneys were prepared to investigate under both light (LM) and electron microscope (EM). Ultrastructure examination of renal rats tissue of diabetic untreated rats showed the destruction of the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells together with hemorrhage in glomerular capsules (Bowman's capsules). On the other side, both LM and EM revealed improving the endothelial cells and the other glomerular capsules structures, especially with the combined treated group, which confirmed the improvement of the biochemical investigation in the study. In conclusion, from the present study, using the oral AS together with SC insulin could be protected against the development of DN.

RESUMEN: La nefropatía diabética (ND) es la complicación más común de la diabetes. Se han realizado varios estudios de ensayo para abordar esta dificultad a nivel de ultraestructura. Este estudio investiga el efecto protector de la administración oral de Acacia senegal (AS) contra el desarrollo de la ND. Se dividieron sesenta ratas albinas machos aleatoriamente en seis grupos: control, control de Acacia senegal, diabéticos no tratados, diabéticos tratados con insulina, diabéticos tratados con AS y grupos tratados con compuesto de insulina diabética + AS. Se midieron utilizando kits específicos, glucosa plasmática, HbA1c, albúmina sérica, creatinina en sangre y en orina. Se registraron la creatinina y la presión arterial. Los tejidos renales de ambos riñones se prepararon para investigar tanto con microscopio óptico (MO) como electrónico (ME). El examen de la ultraestructura del tejido renal de ratas diabéticas no tratadas mostró la destrucción de la membrana basal glomerular y las células endoteliales junto con hemorragia en las cápsulas glomerulares (cápsulas de Bowman). Por otro lado, tanto MO como ME revelaron una mejora de las células endoteliales y las estructuras capsulares glomerulares, en el grupo tratado con el compuesto, lo que confirmó la mejora de la investigación bioquímica. En conclusión, el uso de AS oral en combinación con insulina podría proteger contra el desarrollo de ND.

Preventive role of gum Arabic administration on STZ induced diabetic kidney disease in rats; renal antioxidant and histopathological evidence / Función preventiva de la administración de goma arábiga en la enfermedad renal diabética inducida por STZ en ratas; antioxidante renal y evidencia histopatológica

This study was set to investigate the effect of gum Arabic (G.A.) on diabetic kidney disease. We divided sixty male Sprague rats randomly into six groups. Normal control, normal rats treated with G.A., untreated diabetic rats, diabetic rats treated with insulin, diabetic rats treated with G.A., and diabetic rats treated with both insulin and G.A. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Forty eight hr post injections. Insulin was injected subcutaneously (1.6/IU/100g/day). We provided G.A. in drinking water (10 %w/ v).). At the end of the twelve weeks, blood was drawn for measurement of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum lipids, serum creatinine, and blood urea. Renal tissue oxidative stress (O.S.) was assessed by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). For histological assessments, sections from segments of kidneys were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for assessment under the light microscope. STZinduced diabetes caused an elevation of blood glucose, HbA1c, urea and creatinine, triglycerides LDL and cholesterol, MDA with reduction of HDL, GSH level, and CAT and SOD activities. Histologically, kidneys from diabetic rats showed marked glomerular and tubular changes. Administration of G.A. alone to diabetic rats had a significant hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effect, although the levels achieved remained significantly abnormal compared with the untreated group with no effect on urea and creatinine levels. Co-administration of G.A. with insulin reversed the impact of D.M. on all parameters evaluated including the histological changes and led to normal urea and creatinine levels. We concluded that G.A., in combination with insulin, improves chemically-induced diabetes and its renal complications, possibly by modulation of oxidative stress.

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la goma arábiga (GA) en la enfermedad renal diabética. Dividimos sesenta ratas macho Sprague Dawley al azar en seis grupos. Control normal, ratas normales tratadas con GA, ratas diabéticas no tratadas, ratas diabéticas tratadas con insulina, ratas diabéticas tratadas con GA y ratas diabéticas tratadas con insulina y GA. La diabetes fue inducida por una sola inyección intraperitoneal de STZ. Cuarenta y ocho horas después se inyectó insulina por vía subcutánea (1,6 / UI / 100 g / día). A los animales se les dió GA en agua potable (10 % p / v)). Al final de las doce semanas, se extrajo sangre para medir la glucosa, la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C), los lípidos en suero, la creatinina en suero y la urea en sangre. El estrés oxidativo del tejido renal (SO) se evaluó midiendo las actividades de la enzima superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y la catalasa (CAT), y las concentraciones de glutatión reducido (GSH) y malondialdehído (MDA). Para las evaluaciones histológicas, se procesaron secciones de segmentos de riñones y se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina (H & E) para análisis bajo microscopio óptico. La diabetes inducida por STZ causó una elevación de la glucosa en sangre, HbA1c, urea y creatinina, triglicéridos LDL y colesterol, MDA con reducción de las actividades de HDL, GSH y CAT y SOD. Histológicamente, los riñones de ratas diabéticas mostraron marcados cambios glomerulares y tubulares. La administración de GA solo en las ratas diabéticas tuvo un efecto hipoglucémico, hipolipidémico y antioxidante significativo, aunque los niveles alcanzados permanecieron significativamente anormales en comparación con el grupo no tratado, sin ningún efecto sobre los niveles de urea y creatinina. La dministración conjunta de GA con insulina revirtió el impacto de DM en todos los parámetros evaluados, incluidos los cambios histológicos y condujeron a niveles normales de urea y creatinina. Concluimos que GA en combinación con insulina, mejora la diabetes inducida químicamente y sus complicaciones renales, posiblemente mediante la modulación del estrés oxidativo.

Protective effect of gum arabic/insulin against histological changes in testes of diabetic rats / Efecto protector de la goma arábiga / insulina contra los cambios histológicos en los testículos de ratas diabéticas

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease with a high incidence of occurrence in our community. Gum Arabic (GA) is a branched-chain polysaccharide which has strong antioxidant properties, and has been used to reduce the experimental toxicity. Yet, the effects of GA on testicular tissue in type I diabetic rats have not been enough investigated. This study was designed to investigate histological changes in testes of male Wistar rats and investigate the protective potential of GA against diabetes- induced testicular toxicity in rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups (n = 10 of each): Group 1 (non-diabetic rats) served as control, Group 2 served as diabetic group injected with Alloxan, Group 3 diabetic group plus insulin, Group 4 diabetic group given 15 % GA in drinking water and Group 5 diabetic group plus insulin and GA for 4 weeks. Compared to control group, histopathological examinations of testicular tissue from the diabetic rats group, showed degeneration, necrosis and atrophy of seminiferous with presence of giant cells. Necrosis and hemorrhage in the renal tissue. On the other hand, treatment with GA ameliorated all the previous histological changes. Overall, oral administration of GA alone or with insulin daily for 4 weeks successfully ameliorated the testicular histological changes. These data demonstrated that GA significantly improved diabetes complication in rat testis. This study suggested that GA might have a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced impaired testicular functions in diabetic rats. The possible mechanisms of this action might be ascribed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad grave con una alta incidencia en nuestra comunidad. La goma arábiga (GA) es un polisacárido con propiedades antioxidantes importantes, y se ha utilizado para reducir la toxicidad experimental. Sin embargo, los efectos de GA sobre el tejido testicular en ratas diabéticas tipo I no se ha investigado lo suficiente. El estudio fue diseñado para pesquisar los cambios histológicos en los testículos de ratas Wistar macho e investigar el potencial protector de GA contra la toxicidad testicular inducida por la diabetes en ratas. Fueron asignadas cincuenta ratas Wistar macho adultas en cinco grupos (n = 10 de cada una): el grupo 1 (ratas no diabéticas) sirvió como control, el grupo 2 sirvió como grupo diabético inyectado con Alloxan, grupo diabético del grupo 3 más insulina. El grupo 4 diabético recibió 15 % de GA en agua potable, y el grupo diabético 5 más insulina y GA durante 4 semanas. Al comparar con el grupo control, los exámenes histopatológicos del tejido testicular del grupo de ratas diabéticas mostraron degeneración, necrosis y atrofia de los túbulos seminíferos con presencia de células gigantes, necrosis y hemorragia en el tejido renal. Por otra parte, el tratamiento con GA mejoró todos los cambios histológicos previos. En general, la administración oral de GA solamente, o con insulina diariamente durante 4 semanas mejoró los cambios histológicos testiculares. Estos datos demostraron que GA mejoró significativamente los efectos de la diabetes en testículos de rata. Este estudio sugiere que GA podría tener un efecto protector contra las funciones testiculares deterioradas, inducidas por el estrés oxidativo en ratas diabéticas. Los posibles mecanismos de esta acción podrían atribuirse a sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias.

Spray Drying of Coloring Extracts Produced by Fungi Isolated from Brazilian Caves

Abstract Pigments produced by submerged fermentation of three filamentous fungi isolated from Brazilian caves, namely Aspergillus keveii, Penicillium flavigenum, and Epicoccum nigrum, were submitted to spray drying in presence of the adjuvants maltodextrin, modified starch or gum arabic. Yellow fine powders with low moisture content and water activity, and high color retention (> 70%) were successfully generated with a high product recovery ratio (> 50%), independently of the adjuvant used. The dried products have enhanced stability and potential to might be used as a natural colorant in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Biochemical effects and safety of Gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) supplementation in patients with sickle cell anemia

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia with several clinical consequences. Intravascular sickling of red blood cells leads to multi-organ dysfunction. Moreover, several biochemical abnormalities have been associated with SCA. Gum arabic (GA) is an edible dried gummy exudate obtained from Acacia Senegal tree. GA showed antioxidant and cytoprotective activities and demonstrated protection against hepatic, renal, and cardiac toxicities in experimental rats. We hypothesized that regular intake of GA improves renal and liver functions in patients with SCA. METHODS: Forty-seven patients (5–42 yr) carrying hemoglobin SS were recruited. The patients received 30 g/day GA for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before administering GA and then after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Liver enzymes, total protein, albumin, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, and uric acid were determined in the serum. The study was approved by the Al Neelain University Institutional Review Board and Research Ethics Committee Ministry of Health. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02467257). RESULTS: GA significantly decreased direct bilirubin level [statistical significance (P-value)=0.04]. It also significantly decreased serum alanine transaminase level after 4 weeks, which was sustained till the 8th week. GA, however, had no effect on serum aspartate transaminase level. In terms of renal function, GA decreased serum urea level but the effect was not sustained after the first month. CONCLUSION: GA may alter the disease severity in SCA as demonstrated by its ability to decrease direct bilirubin and urea levels in the serum.

Gum arabic and red propolis protecteting colorectal preneoplastic lesions in a rat model of azoxymethane

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate red propolis, gum arabic and L-lysine activity on colorectal preneoplastic lesions induced by azoxymethane (AOM). Methods: The study featured 4 control groups (I-IV) and 4 experimental groups (V-VIII), totaling 48 rats. Once a week for 2 weeks, animals on control groups received saline, while animals in experimental groups received azoxymethane (15 mg/kg i.p.). The follow up along 16 weeks included daily oral gavage to administer water (I and V), L-lysine (150 mg/kg)(II and VI), própolis (100mg/5ml/kg)(III and VII), or gum arabic (5ml/kg)(IV and VIII). Was performed surgery on the animals in the end of this time in order to collect blood for biological assays (TBARS, GSH), followed by their sacrifice to tissue extract. Results: Oxidative stress (TBARS) and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in distal colon were lower using própolis (p<0.01 for both parameters). Gum arabic reduced preneoplastic lesions (ACF ≤ 4 crypts) on distal colon and on the entire colon (p<0.05). Conclusions: Red propolis reduced AOM-induced oxidative stress (TBARS) and total number of ACF in the distal colon. L-lysine neither protected against nor enhanced AOM-induced ACF. Gum arabic reduced the number of ACF.

Optimización experimental de una formulación de pulpa de uchuva (Physalis peruviana) para mejorar su procesamiento en el secado por atomización / Experimental Optimization of cape gooseberry pulp (Physalis peruviana) formulation to improve its processing by spray drying

Antecedentes: En Colombia, el fruto de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana) está identificado como un fruto promisorio de exportación, por lo que la mejora de su procesamiento representa contribuir a una mayor competitividad de la cadena. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo fue optimizar en función de parámetros fisicoquímicos y reológicos la formulación de una suspensión a base de pulpa de uchuva mezclada con los aditivos maltodextrina (MD) y goma arábiga (GA) con fines de ser utilizada en secado por atomización. Métodos: La optimización se realizó aplicando un diseño experimental central compuesto mediante superficie de respuesta con dos factores (MD y GA) y variables de respuesta (densidad, ºBrix, aw, pH, y parámetros reológicos). Resultados: La caracterización reológica de las suspensiones mostró un comportamiento tipo adelgazante con esfuerzo de cedencia (Modelo de Hershel-Bulkley). La suspensión que mejor se ajustó a los criterios de optimización para fines de secado por atomización fue para la formulación basada en MD (24%) y GA (0%) con caracterización reológica de Herschel-Bulkley tipo adelgazante con índice de consistencia (K= 0,119±0,017 Pa.sn), índice de potencia (n=0,75±0,03) y esfuerzo de cedencia (τo= 0,092±0,069 Pa). Los resultados para las propiedades fisicoquímicas en el punto optimizado fueron densidad = 1,167±0,005 g/mL, °Brix = 35,5±0,5, aw = 0,974±0,002. El pH y τo no fueron estadísticamente significativos (p>0,05) en la formulación de las suspensiones. Conclusiones: La optimización experimental representa una herramienta importante que permitió obtener una formulación de uchuva con MD y GA apta para secado por aspersión, representando un ahorro en tiempo y dinero para el investigador y la industria.

Background: In Colombia, the Cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana) is identified as a promising export fruit, so improving its processing is contributing to greater competitiveness of the chain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to optimize suspension of cape gooseberry pulp mixed with gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) with the purpose of being used in spray drying. Methods: The optimization was performed using a central composite design with response surface of two factors (MD and GA) and response variables (density, ° Brix, water activity (aw), pH, and rheological parameters). Results: The rheological characterization of the suspensions showed a shear thinning behavior with yield stress (Herschel-Bulkley Model). The results indicated that best suspension to be used in spray drying would be formulated with MD (24%) and GA (0%) showing a rheological response of Herschel-Bulkley fluid with consistency index (K=0.119±0.017 Pa-sn), power index (n=0.75±0.03) and yield stress (τo=0,092±0,069 Pa). To the optimized condition, the results for the physicochemical properties were density (1.167 ± 0.005 g/mL), °Brix (35.5±0.5), aw (0.974±0.002). Additionally, the pH and τo of Herschel Bulkley model was not statistically significant (p>0.05) in the suspension formulation. Conclusions: The experimental optimization is an important tool that allowed us to obtain a formulation of gooseberry with MD and GA suitable for spray drying, representing a saving in time and money for research and industry.

Possible protective effect of gum arabic on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in adult male albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Peptic ulcer is a serious disease with a high incidence of occurrence in our community. Gum arabic [GA] is an edible, dried, gummy exudate from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal. It has been claimed to act as an antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of GA on stress-induced peptic ulcer in rats. In this study, 30 adult male rats were divided equally into three groups: the control group [group I], the stress ulcer group [group II], and the GA group [group III]; the GA group received GA 7.5 g/kg/day through an orogastric tube for 10 days. After 10 days, the rats were fasted for 24 h. Cold immobilization stress was induced in groups II and III. The animals of all groups were then anesthetized with diethyl ether, and their stomachs were isolated immediately, opened from the greater curvature, and washed with saline. Ulcer severity, ulcer score, and ulcer index were determined. Stomach specimens were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for histological, hematoxylin and eosin, histochemical, Periodic Acid Schiff's [PAS], and Masson's trichrome stainings and for immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]. Pretreatment with GA significantly decreased the gastric lesions. Both ulcer severity and score were significantly decreased [32.8% and 39.58%, respectively] compared with the stress-untreated group. Ulcer index was significantly decreased [49%] compared with the stress group [P< 0.05]. The stress group showed atrophic gastric mucosa with loss of glandular tissue [hematoxylin and eosin], positive PAS reaction in the mucus neck cells, many collagen fibers between the atrophic glands, and moderate PCNA reaction in the glandular cells. In the GA group, there was nearly normal gastric mucosa with a small area of atrophied surface epithelium, PAS-positive reaction in surface and neck mucus cells, some collagen fibers between the near normal gastric glands, and mild PCNA reaction in the gland cells. It can be concluded that GA exerts a protective effect against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats

Avaliação microbiológica de barras de cereais diet por meio de agente ligante colágeno hidrolisado e goma acácia / Microbiological assessment of diet granola bars by hydrolyzed collagen binder and gum arabic

Objetivo: Avaliar microbiologicamente barras de cereais diet por meio litigante colágeno hidrolisado ou goma acácia. Métodos> Neste estudo fez-se o controle microbiológico (Bacillus cereus, Salmonella coliformes termotolerantes) de barras de cereais diet por meio da metodologia de superfície de resposta. Embora não seja exigido pela legislação brasileira o controle de fungos para alimentos, eles também foram investigados. Determinações de pH e de atividade da água foram realizadas devido à sua importância no desenvolvimento dos micro-organismos. Resultados: Os resultados negativos das análises microbiológicas para Bacillus cereus, Salmonellae coliformes termotolerantes mostraram que as barras de cereais analisadas atenderam às determinações legais. Possivelmente esses resultados tenham sido influenciados pelas condições de atividade da água (0,520-0,690) e de pH (4,59-5,16) das barras, desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento dos microrganismos estudados

An evaluation of the mechanical properties of Type III and Type IV gypsum mixed with two disinfectant solutions.

Background and Objectives: This in-vitro study was conducted to evaluate the strength and properties of Type III and Type IV gypsum mixed with disinfectant solutions. Materials and Methods: Type III and Type IV gypsum were used for the study. Three different mixing solutions namely waterqueous solutions of 0.525% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde were used. Gypsum materials were subjected to further modification by adding a mixture of 1.0% gum arabic and 0.132% calcium hydroxide before mixing with the disinfectant solutions, at two different liquid/powder (L/P) ratios for each. Both, the unmodified and the modified gypsum were tested for compressive and tensile strength after one hour and one week from the start of the mix. The crystalline configuration of the fracture fragments of the unmodified and modified set gypsum were studied under the scanning electron microscope. Results: The disinfectant solutions reduced the strength of both Type III and Type IV gypsum. Water showed higher-strength, which was followed by 0.525% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde. The modified Type III and Type IV gypsum with reduced L/P ratio also showed strength values less than that of the control groups. Interpretation and Conclusion: Chemical disinfectants reduced the strength of gypsum when used as water substitutes. Gum Arabic and calcium hydroxide additives permitted lower L/P ratio, however, there was still excess water retained in the set gypsum that lowered the strength values of Type III and Type IV gypsum. Hence, further reduction of L/P ratio may increase the properties of the modified Type III and Type IV gypsum.

Establecimiento de las condiciones de la mezcla de la pulpa de banano (Musa paradisiaca L) para someter a secado por aspersión / Establishing of the conditions of the blend of pulp with banana (Musa paradisiaca L) to submit spray dryng

El secado por aspersión es uno de los métodos más empleados para deshidratar alimentos y prolongar su vida útil. En este trabajo se pretende determinar las cantidades óptimas de maltodextrina y goma acacia a utilizar para maximizar ºBrix y minimizar la viscosidad en pulpa de banano para su posterior secado por aspersión. La maltodextrina es significativa tanto para el contenido en ºBrix como para la viscosidad, pero a esta última también la afecta la interacción entre maltodextrina y goma acacia. Es necesario encontrar un equilibrio entre el máximo de ºBrix y una mínima viscosidad, pues una viscosidad baja permite una mejor fluidez de la mezcla en el sistema de atomización (disco o difusor), y una alta concentración de sólidos totales incrementa el rendimiento del producto final. La combinación que genera la mejor respuesta es 39,95 g maltodextrina con 3,29 g de goma arábiga. Con esta combinación de tratamientos se encuentra el punto donde los ºBrix son máximos y la viscosidad es mínima encontrándose un valorde 46,44 ºBrix y 634,59 cP respectivamente.

Desarrollo y caracterización de micropartículas de ácido fólico formadas por secado por aspersión, utilizando goma arábiga y maltodextrina como materiales de pared / Development and characterization of folic acid microparticles formed by spray-drying with gum arabic and maltodextrin

El ácido fólico es una vitamina esencial, que participa en la biosíntesis de aminoácidos esenciales y en algunos procesos asociados al ADN. Es una vitamina con limitaciones en su estabilidad frente a factores como la luz, pH y oxígeno. Por esta razón se hace necesario desarrollar estrategias que permitan su estabilización sin afectar su actividad biológica. Así pues, se propone la obtención de micropartículas utilizando mezclas de goma arábiga y maltodextrina, con el método de secado por aspersión, que presenten características adecuadas para actuar como un reservorio del ácido fólico con potencialidades para su estabilización.En este estudio se obtienen micropartículas de ácido fólico utilizando cuatro mezclas diferentes de goma arábiga y maltodextrina, caracterizadas mediante los siguientes parámetros: distribución de tamaño de partícula, porcentaje de humedad, morfología, eficiencia de encapsulación y perfil de disolución. Los resultados de la caracterización muestran diferentes aspectos: la morfología de las micropartículas obtenidas por este método varía con la relación goma arábiga- maltodextrina, la eficiencia de encapsulación es elevada para los cuatro tipos de micropartículas estudiadas, la distribución de tamaño de partícula no cambia con la relación de los materiales de la pared y los perfiles de disolución muestran un porcentaje de disolución limitado, siendo el mejor el que corresponde a micropartículas con la relación goma arábiga- maltodextrina 70-30. La goma arábiga es efectiva para el atrapamiento del ácido fólico y cuando se mezcla con maltodextrina se mejoran las características de morfología, eficiencia y disolución de las micropartículas, lo cual sugiere que existe una mezcla óptima de los dos materiales de pared que optimizan las características de las micropartículas.

Funcionalidad de una mezcla de gomas de acasia glomerosa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum e Hymenaea courbaril en la preparación de helados de bajo contenido calórico / Functionality of a mixture of gums from acacia glomerosa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Hymenea courbaril in the low fat ice-cream preparation

Acacia glomerosa, Anterolobium cyclocarpum e Hymenaea courbaril, especies arbóreas ampliamente disemindas en Venezuela producen gomas con buen rendimiento. La mezcla de estas gomas se ensayó, como estabilizante en la preparación de helados de bajo contenido calórico. La viscosidad, el porcentaje de derretido y las propiedades sensoriales fueron determinados. Estas características físico-químicas se compararon con las exhibidas por los productos obtenidos con base en mezcla de gomas comerciales. La mezcla de gomas de las especies estudiadas incrementó la viscocidad del sistema, por lo tanto, favoreció una excelente incorporación y una distribución uniforme del aire; aportó textura y estabilidad durante el almacenamiento; mejoró la capacidad de expansión de la espuma y las propiedades de derretido. Por otra parte, aportó buenas características sensoriales, como la indica el alto puntaje alcanzado; apariencia (7.78), cremosidad (7.62), sabor (8.01) y bajo puntaje en presencia de cristales de hielo (3.06). Este trabajo evidenció la funcionalidad como estabilizante de la mezcla de gomas investigadas en la preparación de helados bajo en calorías.

Acacia glomerosa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Hymenaea courbaril, species widely disseminated in Venezuela, South America, produce gum with good yield. The mixture of these gums was tested as stabilizer in the low fat ice cream preparation. Viscosity, overrun, foam expansion, meltdown, shape factor and sensory properties were determined. These quality characteristics were compared with those exhibited by the product obtained with a mixture of commercial gums. The mixture tested provided the suitable viscosity for the ice cream mix with the corresponding overrun and texture. It gave better foaming properties and air incorporation. On the other hand, it was demonstrated the good sensory attributes by the highest score i.e. appearance (7.78), creaminess (7.62), flavor (8.01) and lowest score of iciness (3.06). This work showed good functionality as stabilizer of the mixture of gums investigated in the low fat ice cream preparation.

The effects of carbamazepine on sperm morphology in wistar rats.

Carbamazepine (5 H-dibenz (b, f) azepine-5-carboxamide), is an antiepileptic drug which is expected to be administered regularly over a substantial part of patients lifetime. As the gender focus in epilepsy the later years has primarily been on women, there certainly is a lack of studies focused on the effects particular to men. The present study was aimed to investigate its effects on germ cell's by employing the sperm morphology assay. Twelve groups of male wistar rats were treated with sterile water 0.5 ml, cyclophosphamide (CP) 20 mg/kg, carbamazepine 9, 18, 36 mg/kg (i.p) and 2% gumacasia 0.25 ml/100 g respectively for 5 consecutive days at intervals of 24 hrs. Following the last exposure, on days 14 and 35 sperm morphology assay was conducted as per the standard procedure. Mann-Whitney 'U' test was used for statistical analysis and the level of significance was P<0.01. Neither carbamazepine nor cyclophosphamide induced formation of abnormally shaped sperms at 14 day time interval. Whereas on day 35, with 18 mg/kg dose level of carbamazepine there was an increase in the number of sperms with heads defects (P<0.01); Whereas in the other two dose levels the number of abnormally shaped sperms had decreased. 2% gumacasia increased the number of sperms with tail defects at day 35. (Mann-Whitney 'U' test). CONCLUSION: Carbamazepine and 2% gumacasia could be germ cell mutagens and could cause infertility on prolonged use therefore further studies with serum drug level estimations are needed.

High dietary fiber pasta: processing and evaluation

Orange, carrot and potato fibers were used as dietary fiber sources for producing high fiber pasta. Semolina was replaced using the fiber sources at three levels, i.e. 10, 15 and 20%. Gum arabic was also added at ratio of 1% as soluble dietary fiber and texture modifier. Pasta made of 100% semolina was prepared for comparison. Chemical composition, dough rheological properties, colour attributes, cooking quality, sensory properties and microstructure of pasta were studied. A remarkable improvement in total dietary fiber was achieved. High-fiber pasta contained about 3 or 4 folds dietary fiber as compared with control pasta. Farinograph parameters were affected by the fiber incorporation. Water absorption, dough development time and dough weakening increased, while dough stability decreased for all samples compared to control. Addition of fiber sources increased the weight and volume of cooked pasta, but cooking loss was significantly higher than that of the control. The sensory evaluation indicated that high fiber pasta with acceptable quality could be prepared from semolina replaced with orange fiber and carrot fiber up to 15% and potato peels up to 10%. Scanning electron microscopy [SEM] of produced pasta revealed remarkable differences in control and treated samples and supported the obtained results

Efecto de la goma arábiga como aditivo a las sales de rehidratación oral en la recuperación de ratas sometidas a una diarrea secretora-osmótica / Effectineness of arabic gum as an additive to oral rehydration in the recovery of rats subjected to secretory-osmotic diarrhea

La diarrea aguda es una de las primeras causas de morbi-mortalidad en la población infantil a nivel mundial. Su principal complicación es la deshidratación, la cual es tratada con sales de rehidratación oral (SRO). Actualmente se han desarrollado investigaciones en búsqueda de aumentar la eficacia de dicha terapia adicionando ciertas sustancias. Evaluar el efecto de la Goma Arábiga (GA) como adictivo a las SRO en ratas sometidas a diarrea secretora-osmótica. Metodología estudio experimental en 28 animales de experimentación (ratas), se dividieron en cuatro grupos: control, agua, SRO, SRO+GA; se les indujo diarrea osmótica secretora, posteriormente fueron sometidas a un tratamiento de acuerdo al grupo al cual pertenecían. El grupo con SRO+GA ganó 30,13 ± 0,56 g de peso (7,95 por ciento), ingirió 101 ± 32,48 ml de líquido, incrementó los niveles séricos de sodio y potasio en 7,47 por ciento y 90,84 por ciento, respectivamente; mientras que el grupo con SRO ganó 4,38 ± 3,23 g (1,32 por ciento), ingirió 69,5 ± 21,72 ml, los niveles séricos de sodio y potasio se incrementaron en 12,58 por ciento y 56,55 por ciento, respectivamente. Se encontró diferencias significativas para el grupo de SRO+GA en cuanto al incremento de peso, ingesta de líquidos y niveles séricos de potasio; mientras que para el grupo con SRO, fue el incremento de los valores séricos de sodio. La Goma Arábiga tiene un efecto proabsortivo como aditivo de las Sales de Rehidratación Oral y se recomienda la realización de otros estudios para así tratar de incrementar la eficacia de las SRO

Goma de mezquite: una alternativa de uso industrial / Mesquite gum: alternative of industrial use

El mezquite es una leguminosa ampliamente distribuida en las zonas áridas y semiáridas del mundo. En condiciones de estrés, el árbol secreta en su corteza un exudado gomoso vítreo conocido como goma de mezquite. Este polisacárido es una arabinogalactana proteica cuyas propiedades químicas, macromoleculares y funcionales son similares a las de la goma arábiga, producto de múltiples usos industriales particularmente en alimentos, bebidas y farmacia. La goma arábiga, obtenida a escala industrial de la corteza de Acacia senegal y A. seyal en varios países de Africa, ha satisfecho por décadas la demanda a nivel mundial; sin embargo, su escasez periódica e inseguridad en el suministro y precios, conllevan a la búsqueda de otras fuentes botánicas de goma capaces de remplazar a la goma arábiga. Dentro de éstas, la goma de mezquite reviste un interés especial, toda vez que ambas comparten características fisicoquímicas y funcionales. La relación entre las características químicas, la arquitectura macromolecular y las propiedades emulsificantes de los componentes de la goma de mezquite sugieren que puede competir exitosamente, desde el punto de vista técnico, con la goma arábiga

Accelerated stability study and microbiological tests on new oral matrix delivery systems for diclofenac sodium

An accelerated stability study was performed on diclofenac sodium controlled release matrix tablets [MT20,MT33,MT34,MT33p,MT34p] containing natural gums, semi-synthetic gum, Eudragit L100,and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose [HPMC]. Drug content was found to be in the range of 90-105% in all the five matrix formulas. Applying out of stability trend rules [OOT], the best formula was found to be MT33 which contained Guar gum 15%, and gum Arabic 15%. No changes in physical appearance, or organoleptic properties were observed. Microbiological tests for the five matrix tablets were evaluated. No growth [bacteria or fungi] was detected, in preserved or non-preserved formulas despite of the gum content in these controlled release tablets

The effect of gum Arabic oral treatment on the iron and protein status in chronic renal failure patients under regular hemodialysis in Central Sudan

Objective To assess the effect of gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) oral treatment on the iron and protein status in chronic renal failure patients. Material and Methods Thirty-six chronic renal failure (CRF) patients (under regular hemodialysis); and 10 normal subjects participated in this study. The patients were randomly allocated into the following groups: Group A (n=12): CRF patients under low protein diet (LPD) (less than 40 gram/day); and gum arabic (50 g/day) treatment; Group B (n=14): CRF patients under LPD; gum arabic; iron (ferrous sulphate 200 mg/day) and folic acid (5 mg/day) treatment; Group C (control group; n=10): CRF patients under LPD; iron and folic acid treatment; Group D (n=10): normal volunteers who were kept on normal diet beside a daily dose of 50 gm gum arabic. Each of the above treatments was continued for three consecutive months. Predialysis blood samples were collected from each subject before treatment; and twice per month for three months. Hemoglobin (Hb); hematocrit; total protein; albumin; globulin and 24-hour urine volume as well as serum iron; total iron-binding capacity (TIBC);transferrin saturation; packed cell volume (PCV) and; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined. Results Following administration of gum arabic oral treatment for three months; serum iron increased by 5.85and 4.81for groups A and B; respectively. These increases were significantly different from the baseline (P0.05); and control group C (P0.01). TIBC was significantly decreased in group A (4.44) and in group B (4.31) as compared with the baseline and control group C (P0.05). Transferrin saturation was significantly increased by 7.77; and 9.59for groups A and B; respectively; compared with the baseline (P0.05) and control group C (P0.01). Hb; PCV; MCHC; serum total protein; albumin and globulin; and 24-hour urine volume showed no statistically significant differences from the baseline and control groups. Conclusion The improvement in iron status due to oral administration of gum arabic could reduce the need for oral iron prescription

Induced changes in biochemical parameters of the molluscan tissues non - infected using two potent plants molluscicdes

The effect of Capparis spinosa [C. spinosa] and Acacia arabica [A. arabica] dry powder as plant molluscicide on some glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes on snail tissues was investigated. Lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], pyruvate kinase [PK], hexokinase [HK], phosphofructokinase [PFK], glucose phosphate isomerase [GPI] as important glycolytic enzymes were markedly manipulated by both plants when measured one day and one week post-treatment. On the other hand, glucose-6-phosphatase [G-6-Pase], fructose 1.6 diphosphatase [FDpase], phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [PEPCK] as gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly affected by the molluscicidal plants. In addition, some other parameters as glycogen, glucose, total protein, 5-nucleotidase alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase [HBDH] and succinate dehydrogenase [SDH] as Krebs cycle enzyme were tested. The study concluded that LC25 and LC50 concentrations of C. spinosa and A. arabica might render B. alexandrina physiologically unsuitable for S. mansoni infection